| Internet-Draft | DET in DNS | April 2025 |
| Wiethuechter & Reid | Expires 11 October 2025 | [Page] |
This document describes the discovery and management of DRIP Entity Tags (DETs) in DNS. Authoritative Name Servers, with DRIP specific DNS structures and standard DNS methods, are the Public Information Registries for DETs and their related metadata.¶
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."¶
This Internet-Draft will expire on 11 October 2025.¶
Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
Registries are fundamental to Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Remote Identification (RID). Only very limited operational information can be sent via Broadcast RID, but extended information is sometimes needed. The most essential element of information from RID is the UAS ID, the unique key for lookup of extended information in relevant registries (see Figure 1; Figure 4 of [RFC9434]).¶
*************** ***************
* UAS1 * * UAS2 *
* * * *
* +--------+ * DAA/V2V * +--------+ *
* | UA o--*----------------------------------------*--o UA | *
* +--o--o--+ * * +--o--o--+ *
* | | * +------+ Lookups +------+ * | | *
* | | * | GPOD o------. .------o PSOD | * | | *
* | | * +------+ | | +------+ * | | *
* | | * | | * | | *
* C2 | | * V2I ************ V2I * | | C2 *
* | '-----*--------------* *--------------*-----' | *
* | * * * * | *
* | o====Net-RID===* *====Net-RID===o | *
* +--o--+ * * Internet * * +--o--+ *
* | GCS o-----*--------------* *--------------*-----o GCS | *
* +-----+ * Registration * * Registration * +-----+ *
* * (and UTM) * * (and UTM) * *
*************** ************ ***************
| | |
+----------+ | | | +----------+
| Public o---' | '---o Private |
| Registry | | | Registry |
+----------+ | +----------+
+--o--+
| DNS |
+-----+
DAA: Detect And Avoid
GPOD: General Public Observer Device
PSOD: Public Safety Observer Device
V2I: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2V: Vehicle-to-Vehicle
When a DRIP Entity Tag (DET) [RFC9374] is used as the UAS ID in RID, extended information can be retrieved from a DRIP Identity Management Entity (DIME), which manages registration of and associated lookups from DETs. In this document it is assumed the DIME is a function of UAS Service Suppliers (USS) (Appendix A.2 of [RFC9434]) but a DIME can be independent or handled by another entity as well.¶
DRIP Entity Tags (DETs) embedded a hierarchy scheme which is mapped onto the Domain Name System (DNS) [STD13]. DIMEs enforce registration and information access of data associated with a DET while also providing the trust inherited from being a member of the hierarchy. Other identifiers and their methods are out of scope for this document.¶
Authoritative Name Servers of the DNS provide the public information such as the cryptographic keys, endorsements and certificates of DETs and pointers to private information resources. Cryptographic (public) keys are used to authenticate anything signed by a DET, such as in the Authentication defined in [RFC9575] for Broadcast RID. Endorsements and certificates are used to endorse the claim of being part of the hierarchy.¶
This document does not specify AAA mechanisms used by Private Information Registries to store and protect Personally Identifiable Information (PII).¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
[RFC9374] defines the HHIT and further specifies an instance of them used for UAS RID called DETs. The HHIT/DET is a 128-bit value that is as an IPv6 address intended primarily as an identifier rather than locator. Its format is in Figure 2, shown here for reference, and further information is in [RFC9374].¶
+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+
| IPv6 Prefix | Hierarchy ID | HHIT Suite ID | ORCHID Hash |
| (28 bits) | (28 bits) | (8 bits) | (64 bits) |
+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+
/ \
/ \
/ \-----------------------------\
/ \
/ \
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Registered Assigning Authority | HHIT Domain Authority |
| (14 bits) | (14 bits) |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
[RFC9374] assigns the IPv6 prefix 2001:30::/28 for DETs. Its corresponding domain name for reverse lookups is 3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.. The IAB has administrative control of this domain name.¶
Due to the nature of the hierarchy split and its relationship to nibble reversing of the IPv6 address, the upper level of hierarchy (i.e., Registered Assigning Authority (RAA)) "borrows" the upper two bits of their respective HHIT Domain Authority (HDA) space for DNS delegation. As such the IPv6 prefix of RAAs are 2001:3x:xxx::/44 and HDAs are 2001:3x:xxxy:yy::/56 with respective nibble reverse domains of x.x.x.x.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa and y.y.y.x.x.x.x.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.¶
This document preallocates a subset of RAAs based on the ISO 3166-1 Numeric Nation Code [ISO3166-1]. This is to support the initial use case of DETs in UAS RID on an international level. See Section 6.2.1 for the RAA allocations.¶
The HDA values of 0, 4096, 8192 and 12288 are reserved for operational use of an RAA (a by-product of the above mentioned borrowing of bits), specifically when to register with the apex and endorse delegations of HDAs in their namespace.¶
The administration, management and policy for operation a DIME at any level in the hierarchy (Apex, RAA or HDA) is out of scope for this document. For RAAs or DETs allocated on a per-country basis, these considerations should be be determined by the appropriate national authorities, presumably the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).¶
DRIP relies on the DNS and as such roughly follows the registrant-registrar-registry model. In the UAS ecosystem, the registrant would be the end user who owns/controls the Unmanned Aircraft. They are ultimately responsible for the DET and any other information that gets published in the DNS. Registrants use agents known as registrars to manage their interactions with the registry. Registrars typically provide optional additional services such as DNS hosting.¶
The registry maintains a database of the registered domain names and their related metadata such as the contact details for domain name holder and the relevant registrar. The registry provides DNS service for the zone apex which contains delegation information for domain names. Registries generally provide services such as WHOIS [RFC3912] or RDAP [STD95] to publish metadata about the registered domain names and their registrants and registrars.¶
Registrants have contracts with registrars who in turn have contracts with registries. Payments follow this model too: the registrant buys services from a registrar who pays for services provided by the registry.¶
By definition, there can only be one registry for a domain name. Since that registry is a de facto monopoly, the scope of its activities is usually kept to a minimum to reduce the potential for market distortions or anti-competitive practices. A registry can have an arbitrary number of registrars who compete with each other on price, service and customer support.¶
Apex
Registry/Registrar
(IANA)
+=========================+
| 3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. |
+============o============+
|
--------------------------------------|-------------------------
National |
Registries/Registrars |
(RAA) |
|
+--------------+--------------o-+---------------+
| | | |
+=====o====+ +====o=====+ +=====o====+ +=====o====+
| 0.0.0.0. | | 1.0.0.0. | | 2.0.0.0. | | 3.0.0.0. |
+====o=====+ +====o=====+ +====o=====+ +====o=====+
|
---------------------------------------|------------------------
Local |
Registries/Registrars |
(HDA) |
|
+--------------+---------------o--------...-----+
| | | |
+=====o====+ +====o=====+ +====o=====+ +=====o====+
| 1.0.0. | | 2.0.0. | | 3.0.0. | | f.f.f. |
+====o=====+ +=====o====+ +====o=====+ +====o=====+
|
---------------------------------------|------------------------
Local |
Registrants |
+=====================o================+
| x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.x.5.0. |
+======================================+
While the registrant-registrar-registry model is mature and well understood, it may not be appropriate for DRIP registrations in some circumstances. It could add costs and complexity: developing policies and contracts as outlined above. On the other hand, registries and registrars offer customer service/support and can provide the supporting infrastructure for reliable DNS and WHOIS or RDAP service.¶
Another approach could be to handle DRIP registrations in a comparable way to how IP address space gets provisioned. Here, blocks of addresses get delegated to a "trusted" third party, typically an ISP, who then issues IP addresses to its customers. For DRIP, blocks of IP addresses could be delegated from the 3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa domain (reverse domain of prefix allocated by [RFC9374]) to an entity chosen by the appropriate Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). This third party would be responsible for the corresponding DNS and WHOIS or RDAP infrastructure for these IP address blocks. They would also provision the Hierarchial Host Identity Tag (HHIT, [RFC9374]) records for these IP addresses. In principle a manufacturer or vendor of UAS devices could provide that role. This is shown as an example in Figure 3.¶
Dynamic DRIP registration is another possible solution, for example when the operator of a UAS device registers its corresponding HHIT record and other resources before a flight and deletes them afterwards. This may be feasible in controlled environments with well-behaved actors. However, this approach may not scale since each device is likely to need credentials for updating the IT infrastructure which provisions the DNS.¶
Registration policies - pricing, renewals, registrar and registrant agreements, etc. - will need to be developed. These considerations should be determined by the CAA, perhaps in consultation with local stakeholders to assess the cost-benefits of these approaches (and others). All of these are out of scope for this document. The specifics for the UAS RID use case are detailed in the rest of document.¶
Per [RFC9434] all information classified as public is stored in the DNS, specifically Authoritative Name Servers, to satisfy REG-1 from [RFC9153].¶
Authoritative Name Servers use domain names as identifiers and data is stored in Resource Records (RR) with associated RRTypes. This document defines two new RRTypes, one for HHIT metadata (HHIT, Section 5.1) and another for UAS Broadcast RID information (BRID, Section 5.2). The former RRType is particularly important as it contains a URI (as part of the certificate) that point to Private Information resources.¶
DETs, being IPv6 addresses, are to be under ip6.arpa (nibble reversed per convention) and MUST to an HHIT RRType. Depending on local circumstances or additional use cases other RRTypes MAY be present. For UAS RID the BRID RRType MUST be present to provide the Broadcast Endorsements defined in [RFC9575].¶
DNSSEC is strongly RECOMMENDED. When a DIME decides to use DNSSEC they SHOULD define a framework for cryptographic algorithms and key management [RFC6841]. This may be influenced by frequency of updates, size of the zone, and policies.¶
UAS specific information, such as physical characteristics, MAY also be stored in DNS but is out of scope for this document.¶
A DET IPv6 address gets mapped into domain names using the scheme defined in [STD88]. However DNS lookups of these names query for HHIT and/or BRID resource records rather than the PTR resource records conventionally used in reverse lookups of IP addresses. For example, the HHIT resource record for the DET 2001:30::1 would be returned from a DNS lookup for the HHIT QTYPE for 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa..¶
The HHIT RRType provides the public key for signature verification and URIs via the certificate. The BRID RRType provides static Broadcast RID information such as the Broadcast Endorsements sent following [RFC9575].¶
The HHIT Resource Record is a metadata record for various bits of HHIT specific information that isn't available in the pre-existing HIP RRType. It does not replace the HIP RRType. The primary advantage of this RRType over the existing RRType is the inclusion a certificate containing an entity's public key signed by the registrar, or other trust anchor, to confirm registration.¶
The data MUST be encoded in CBOR [RFC8949] bytes. The CDDL [RFC8610] of the data is provided in Figure 4.¶
The data are represented in base64 [RFC4648] and may be divided into any number of white-space-separated substrings, down to single base64 digits, which are concatenated to obtain the full object. These substrings can span lines using the standard parenthesis. Note that the data has internal subfields, but these do not appear in the master file representation only a single logical base64 string will appear.¶
The data MAY, for display purposes only, be represented using the Extended Diagnostic Notation as defined in Appendix G of [RFC8610].¶
hhit-rr = [
hhit-entity-type: uint,
abbreviation: tstr .size(15),
registration-cert: bstr
]
This field is a number with values defined in Section 6.2.2. It is envisioned that there may be many types of HHITs in use. In some cases, it may be helpful to understand the HHITs role in the ecosystem like described in [drip-dki]. This field provides such context. This field MAY provide a signal of additional information and/or different handling of the data beyond what is defined in this document.¶
This field is a string meant to provide an abbreviation to the HID structure for display devices. The convention for such abbreviations is a matter of local policy. Absent of such a policy, this field MUST be filled with the four chracter hexadecimal representations of the RAA and HDA (in that order) with a seperator character such as a space. For example a DET with an RAA value of 10 and HDA value of 20 would be abbreviated as: 000A 0014.¶
This field is reserved for any certificate to endorse registration that contains the DET. It MUST be encoded as X.509 DER. This certificate MAY be self-signed when the entity is acting as a root of trust (i.e., an apex). Such self-signed behavior is defined by policy, such as in [drip-dki], and is out of scope for this document.¶
The UAS Broadcast RID Resource Record type (BRID) is a format to hold public information typically sent of the UAS Broadcast RID that is static. It can act as a data source if information is not received over Broadcast RID or for cross validation. The primary function for DRIP is the inclusion of one or more Broadcast Endorsements as defined in [RFC9575] in the auth field. These Endorsements are generated by the registrar upon successful registration and broadcast by the entity.¶
The data MUST be encoded in CBOR [RFC8949] bytes. The CDDL [RFC8610] of the data is provided in Figure 5.¶
The data are represented in base64 [RFC4648] and may be divided into any number of white-space-separated substrings, down to single base64 digits, which are concatenated to obtain the full object. These substrings can span lines using the standard parenthesis. Note that the data has internal subfields, but these do not appear in the master file representation only a single logical base64 string will appear.¶
The data MAY, for display purposes only, be represented using the Extended Diagnostic Notation as defined in Appendix G of [RFC8610]. All byte strings longer than a length of 20 SHOULD be displayed as base64 when possible.¶
bcast-rr = {
uas_type => nibble-field,
uas_ids => [+ uas-id-grp],
? auth => [+ auth-grp],
? self_id => self-grp,
? area => area-grp,
? classification => classification-grp,
? operator_id => operator-grp
}
uas-id-grp = (
id_type: &uas-id-types,
uas_id: bstr .size(20)
)
auth-grp = (
a_type: &auth-types,
a_data: bstr .size(1..362)
)
area-grp = [
area_count: 1..255,
area_radius: float, # in decameters
area_floor: float, # wgs84-hae in meters
area_ceiling: float # wgs84-hae in meters
]
classification-grp = [
class_type: 0..8,
class: nibble-field,
category: nibble-field
]
self-grp = [
desc_type: 0..255,
description: tstr .size(23)
]
operator-grp = [
operator_id_type: 0..255,
operator_id: bstr .size(20)
]
uas-id-types = (none: 0, serial: 1, session_id: 4)
auth-types = (none: 0, specific_method: 5)
nibble-field = 0..15
uas_type = 0
uas_ids = 1
auth = 2
self_id = 3
area = 4
classification = 5
operator_id = 6
The field names and their general typing are borrowed from the ASTM [F3411] data dictionary (Table 1 and Table 2). See that document for additional context and background information on aviation application-specific interperation of the field semantics. The explicitly enumerated values included in the CDDL above are relevant to DRIP for its operation. Other values may be valid but are outside the scope of DRIP operation. Application-specific fields, such as UAS Type are transported and authenticated by DRIP but are regarded as opaque user data to DRIP.¶
This document requests that IANA manage delegations in the 3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa domain. The IAB is requested to appoint a Designated Expert (DE) to co-ordinate these delegations and liaise with IANA and CAAs as appropriate.¶
The DE will check delegation requests for DET address space that get submitted to IANA. Since there is no control over who submits these delegation requests or the address space they refer to, a degree of checking is necessary. The DE will liaise with IANA on the outcome of these checks.¶
For delegation requests relating to a country’s DET address space, the DE will liaise with that country’s CAA to verify these requests are genuine. This will ensure delegations don’t go to impostors and the CAA is aware about what’s being done with its National Resources, ie the IPv6 addresses for its DET address space.¶
Parts of the DET address space are allocated for experimental use. The DE is expected to process these delegation requests on a first-come, first-served basis. They would not need engagement with ICAO or CAAs.¶
The DE will have the discretion to perform minimal technical checks on delegations - for instance that there at least two name servers that answer authoritatively, SPoF avoidance, etc - but not enforce these.¶
The DE will be expected to liaise with IANA to develop a DNSSEC Practice Statement if/when there’s a demand for DNSSEC deploymemt for DRIP.¶
This document requests a new registry for RAA Allocations under the DRIP registry group to be managed by IANA.¶
a 14-bit value used to represent RAAs. Future additions to this registry are to be made through Expert Review (Section 4.5 of [RFC8126]). The following values/ranges are defined:¶
| RAA Value(s) | Allocation | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 0 - 3 | Reserved | N/A |
| 4 - 3999 | ISO 3166-1 Countries | This RFC |
| 4000 - 15359 | Unallocated | N/A |
| 15360 - 16383 | Experimental Use | This RFC |
To support DNS delegation in ip6.arpa a single RAA is given 4 delegations by borrowing the upper two bits of HDA space. This enables a clean nibble boundary in DNS to delegate from (i.e., the prefix 2001:3x:xxx0::/44). These HDAs (0, 4096, 8192 and 12288) are reserved for the RAA.¶
The mapping between ISO 3166-1 Numeric Nation Codes and RAAs is specified as a CSV file on GitHub. Each Nation is assigned four RAAs that are left to the national authority for their purpose. For RAAs under this range, a shorter prefix of 2001:3x:xx00::/40 MAY be delegated to each CAA, which covers all 4 RAAs (and reserved HDAs) assigned to them.¶
A request for a value and/or range is judged on the specific application of its use (i.e., like the ISO 3166 range for UAS). Common applications should reuse existing allocated space if possible before allocation of a new value/range.¶
Single point allocations are allowed to individual entities but it is recommended that allocations are made in groupings of 4 to maintain a cleaner nibble boundary.¶
This document requests a new registry for HHIT Entity Type under the DRIP registry group.¶
numeric, field of the HHIT RRType to encode the HHIT Entity Type. This is broken into three ranges and future additions to this registery are as follows:¶
| Range | Registration Mechanism |
|---|---|
| 0 - 4294967295 | Expert Review (Section 4.5 of [RFC8126]) |
| 4294967296 - 18446744069414584319 | First Come First Served (Section 4.4 of [RFC8126]) |
| 18446744069414584320 - 18446744073709551615 | Experimental Use |
The following values are defined by this document:¶
| Value | HHIT Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Not Defined | This RFC |
| 1 | DRIP Identity Management Entity (DIME) | This RFC |
| 2 - 4 | Reserved | This RFC |
| 5 | Apex | This RFC |
| 6 - 8 | Reserved | This RFC |
| 9 | Registered Assigning Authority (RAA) | This RFC |
| 10 - 12 | Reserved | This RFC |
| 13 | HHIT Domain Authority (HDA) | This RFC |
| 14 - 15 | Reserved | This RFC |
| 16 | Uncrewed Aircraft (UA) | This RFC |
| 17 | Ground Control Station (GCS) | This RFC |
| 18 | Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) | This RFC |
| 19 | Remote Identification (RID) Module | This RFC |
| 20 | Pilot | This RFC |
| 21 | Operator | This RFC |
| 22 | Discovery & Synchronization Service (DSS) | This RFC |
| 23 | UAS Service Supplier (USS) | This RFC |
| 24 | Network RID Service Provider (SP) | This RFC |
| 25 | Network RID Display Provider (DP) | This RFC |
| 26 | Supplemental Data Service Provider (SDSP) | This RFC |
The value space of HHIT Entity Types is rather large, but care should still be given to conflicting or confusing allocations. Justification should be provided if there is an existing allocation that could be used. Future additions to this registry MUST NOT be allowed if they can be covered under an existing registration.¶
For registration the following template is to be used:¶
HHIT Type: title (and optional abbreviation) to be used for the requested value¶
Reference: public document allocating the value and any additional information such as semantics. This can be a URL pointing to an Internet-Draft, IETF RFC, or web-page.¶
For registration in the FCFS range, a point of contact MUST also be provided (if not part of the reference).¶
The Registrar and Registry are commonly used concepts in the DNS. These components interface the DIME into the DNS hierarchy and thus operation SHOULD follow best common practices, specifically in security (such as running DNSSEC) as appropriate. The following RFC provide suitable guidance: [RFC7720], [RFC4033], [RFC4034], [RFC4035], [RFC5155], [RFC8945], [RFC2182], [RFC4786], [RFC3007].¶
If DNSSEC is used, a DNSSEC Practice Statement SHOULD be developed and published. It SHOULD explain how DNSSEC has been deployed and what security measures are in place. [RFC6841] documents a Framework for DNSSEC Policies and DNSSEC Practice Statements.¶
The interfaces and protocol specifications for registry-registrar interactions are intentionally not specified in this document. These will depend on nationally defined policy and prevailing local circumstances. It is expected registry-registrar activity will use the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) [STD69]. The registry SHOULD provide a lookup service such as WHOIS [RFC3912] or RDAP [STD95] to publish public information about registered domain names.¶
Decisions about DNS or registry best practices and other operational matters that influence security SHOULD be made by the CAA, ideally in consultation with local stakeholders.¶
The guidance above is intended to reduce the likelihood of interoperability problems and/or minimise security and stability concerns. For instance, validation and authentication of DNS responses depends on DNSSEC. If this is not used, entities using DRIP will be vulnerable to DNS spoofing attacks and could be exposed to bogus data. Some regulatory and legal considerations are expected to be simplified by providing a lookup service for access to public information about registered domain names for DETs.¶
DETs are built upon asymmetric keys. As such the public key must be revealed to enable clients to perform signature verifications. [RFC9374] security considerations cover various attacks on such keys.¶
While unlikely the forging of a corresponding private key is possible if given enough time (and computational power). As such it is RECOMMENDED that the public key for any DET not be exposed in DNS (under any RRType) unless and until it is required for use in verification by other parties.¶
Optimally this requires the UAS somehow signal the DIME that a flight using a Specific Session ID will soon be underway or complete. It may also be facilitated under UTM if the USS (which may or may not be a DIME) signals when a given operation using a Session ID goes active.¶
Thanks to Stuart Card (AX Enterprize, LLC) and Bob Moskowitz (HTT Consulting, LLC) for their early work on the DRIP registries concept. Their early contributions laid the foundations for the content and processes of this architecture and document.¶
An example zone file ip6.arpa, run by IANA, is not shown. It would contain NS RRTypes to delegate to a respective RAA. To avoid any future collisions with production deployments an apex of ip6.example.com is used instead of ip6.arpa. All hexidecimal strings in the examples are broken into the lengths of a word, for document formatting purposes.¶
The RAA of RAA=16376, HDA=0 and HDA of RAA=16376, HDA=10 were used in the examples.¶
$ORIGIN 5.0.0.0.0.0.e.f.f.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.example.com.
7.b.0.a.1.9.e.1.7.5.1.a.0.6.e.5. IN HHIT (
gwppM2ZmOCAwMDAwWQFGMIIBQjCB9aAD
AgECAgE1MAUGAytlcDArMSkwJwYDVQQD
DCAyMDAxMDAzZmZlMDAwMDA1NWU2MGEx
NTcxZTkxYTBiNzAeFw0yNTA0MDkyMDU2
MjZaFw0yNTA0MDkyMTU2MjZaMB0xGzAZ
BgNVBAMMEkRSSVAtUkFBLUEtMTYzNzYt
MDAqMAUGAytlcAMhAJmQ1bBLcqGAZtQJ
K1LH1JlPt8Fr1+jB9ED/qNBP8eE/o0ww
SjAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MDcGA1Ud
EQEB/wQtMCuHECABAD/+AAAFXmChVx6R
oLeGF2h0dHBzOi8vcmFhLmV4YW1wbGUu
Y29tMAUGAytlcANBALUPjhIB3rwqXQep
r9/VDB+hhtwuWZIw1OUkEuDrF6DCkgc7
5widXnXa5/uDfdKL7dZ83mPHm2Tf32Dv
b8AzEw8=
)
[
10,
"3ff8 0000",
h'308201423081F5A00302010202013530
0506032B6570302B312930270603550403
0C20323030313030336666653030303030
3535653630613135373165393161306237
301E170D3235303430393230353632365A
170D3235303430393231353632365A301D
311B301906035504030C12445249502D52
41412D412D31363337362D30302A300506
032B65700321009990D5B04B72A18066D4
092B52C7D4994FB7C16BD7E8C1F440FFA8
D04FF1E13FA34C304A300F0603551D1301
01FF040530030101FF30370603551D1101
01FF042D302B87102001003FFE0000055E
60A1571E91A0B7861768747470733A2F2F
7261612E6578616D706C652E636F6D3005
06032B6570034100B50F8E1201DEBC2A5D
07A9AFDFD50C1FA186DC2E599230D4E524
12E0EB17A0C292073BE7089D5E75DAE7FB
837DD28BEDD67CDE63C79B64DFDF60EF6F
C033130F'
]
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 53 (0x35)
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Issuer: CN = 2001003ffe0000055e60a1571e91a0b7
Validity
Not Before: Apr 9 20:56:26 2025 GMT
Not After : Apr 9 21:56:26 2025 GMT
Subject: CN = DRIP-RAA-A-16376-0
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: ED25519
ED25519 Public-Key:
pub:
99:90:d5:b0:4b:72:a1:80:66:d4:09:2b:52:c7:d4:
99:4f:b7:c1:6b:d7:e8:c1:f4:40:ff:a8:d0:4f:f1:
e1:3f
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: critical
IP Address:2001:3F:FE00:5:5E60:A157:1E91:A0B7,
URI:https://raa.example.com
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Signature Value:
b5:0f:8e:12:01:de:bc:2a:5d:07:a9:af:df:d5:0c:1f:a1:86:
dc:2e:59:92:30:d4:e5:24:12:e0:eb:17:a0:c2:92:07:3b:e7:
08:9d:5e:75:da:e7:fb:83:7d:d2:8b:ed:d6:7c:de:63:c7:9b:
64:df:df:60:ef:6f:c0:33:13:0f
$ORIGIN c.d.f.f.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.example.com. a.0.0. IN NS ns1.hda-10.example.com
$ORIGIN 5.0.a.0.0.0.e.f.f.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.example.com.
0.a.9.0.7.2.4.d.5.4.e.e.5.1.6.6.5.0. IN HHIT (
gw5pM2ZmOCAwMDBhWQFHMIIBQzCB9qAD
AgECAgFfMAUGAytlcDArMSkwJwYDVQQD
DCAyMDAxMDAzZmZlMDAwMDA1NWU2MGEx
NTcxZTkxYTBiNzAeFw0yNTA0MDkyMTAz
MTlaFw0yNTA0MDkyMjAzMTlaMB4xHDAa
BgNVBAMME0RSSVAtSERBLUEtMTYzNzYt
MTAwKjAFBgMrZXADIQDOaB424RQa61YN
bna8eWt7fLRU5GPMsfEt4wo4AQGAP6NM
MEowDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zA3BgNV
HREBAf8ELTArhxAgAQA//gAKBWYV7kXU
JwmghhdodHRwczovL3JhYS5leGFtcGxl
LmNvbTAFBgMrZXADQQAhMpOSOmgMkJY1
f+B9nTgawUjK4YEERBtczMknHDkOowX0
ynbaLN60TYe9hqN6+CJ3SN8brJke3hpM
gorvhDkJ
)
8.2.e.6.5.2.b.6.7.3.4.d.e.0.6.2.5.0. IN HHIT (
gw9pM2ZmOCAwMDBhWQFHMIIBQzCB9qAD
AgECAgFYMAUGAytlcDArMSkwJwYDVQQD
DCAyMDAxMDAzZmZlMDAwYTA1NjYxNWVl
NDVkNDI3MDlhMDAeFw0yNTA0MDkyMTA1
MTRaFw0yNTA0MDkyMjA1MTRaMB4xHDAa
BgNVBAMME0RSSVAtSERBLUktMTYzNzYt
MTAwKjAFBgMrZXADIQCCM/2utQaLwUhZ
0ROg7fz43AeBTj3Sdl5rW4LgTQcFl6NM
MEowDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zA3BgNV
HREBAf8ELTArhxAgAQA//gAKBSYO1Ddr
JW4ohhdodHRwczovL2hkYS5leGFtcGxl
LmNvbTAFBgMrZXADQQBa8lZyftxHJqDF
Vgv4Rt+cMUmc8aQwet4UZdO3yQOB9uq4
sLVAScaZCWjC0nmeRkgVRhize1esfyi3
RRU44IAE
)
[
14,
"3ff8 000a",
h'308201433081F6A00302010202015F30
0506032B6570302B312930270603550403
0C20323030313030336666653030303030
3535653630613135373165393161306237
301E170D3235303430393231303331395A
170D3235303430393232303331395A301E
311C301A06035504030C13445249502D48
44412D412D31363337362D3130302A3005
06032B6570032100CE681E36E1141AEB56
0D6E76BC796B7B7CB454E463CCB1F12DE3
0A380101803FA34C304A300F0603551D13
0101FF040530030101FF30370603551D11
0101FF042D302B87102001003FFE000A05
6615EE45D42709A0861768747470733A2F
2F7261612E6578616D706C652E636F6D30
0506032B6570034100213293923A680C90
96357FE07D9D381AC148CAE18104441B5C
CCC9271C390EA305F4CA76DA2CDEB44D87
BD86A37AF8227748DF1BAC991EDE1A4C82
8AEF843909'
]
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 95 (0x5f)
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Issuer: CN = 2001003ffe0000055e60a1571e91a0b7
Validity
Not Before: Apr 9 21:03:19 2025 GMT
Not After : Apr 9 22:03:19 2025 GMT
Subject: CN = DRIP-HDA-A-16376-10
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: ED25519
ED25519 Public-Key:
pub:
ce:68:1e:36:e1:14:1a:eb:56:0d:6e:76:bc:79:6b:
7b:7c:b4:54:e4:63:cc:b1:f1:2d:e3:0a:38:01:01:
80:3f
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: critical
IP Address:2001:3F:FE00:A05:6615:EE45:D427:9A0,
URI:https://raa.example.com
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Signature Value:
21:32:93:92:3a:68:0c:90:96:35:7f:e0:7d:9d:38:1a:c1:48:
ca:e1:81:04:44:1b:5c:cc:c9:27:1c:39:0e:a3:05:f4:ca:76:
da:2c:de:b4:4d:87:bd:86:a3:7a:f8:22:77:48:df:1b:ac:99:
1e:de:1a:4c:82:8a:ef:84:39:09
[
15,
"3ff8 000a",
h'308201433081F6A00302010202015830
0506032B6570302B312930270603550403
0C20323030313030336666653030306130
3536363135656534356434323730396130
301E170D3235303430393231303531345A
170D3235303430393232303531345A301E
311C301A06035504030C13445249502D48
44412D492D31363337362D3130302A3005
06032B65700321008233FDAEB5068BC148
59D113A0EDFCF8DC07814E3DD2765E6B5B
82E04D070597A34C304A300F0603551D13
0101FF040530030101FF30370603551D11
0101FF042D302B87102001003FFE000A05
260ED4376B256E28861768747470733A2F
2F6864612E6578616D706C652E636F6D30
0506032B65700341005AF256727EDC4726
A0C5560BF846DF9C31499CF1A4307ADE14
65D3B7C90381F6EAB8B0B54049C6990968
C2D2799E4648154618B37B57AC7F28B745
1538E08004'
]
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 88 (0x58)
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Issuer: CN = 2001003ffe000a056615ee45d42709a0
Validity
Not Before: Apr 9 21:05:14 2025 GMT
Not After : Apr 9 22:05:14 2025 GMT
Subject: CN = DRIP-HDA-I-16376-10
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: ED25519
ED25519 Public-Key:
pub:
82:33:fd:ae:b5:06:8b:c1:48:59:d1:13:a0:ed:fc:
f8:dc:07:81:4e:3d:d2:76:5e:6b:5b:82:e0:4d:07:
05:97
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: critical
IP Address:2001:3F:FE00:A05:260E:D437:6B25:6E28,
URI:https://hda.example.com
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Signature Value:
5a:f2:56:72:7e:dc:47:26:a0:c5:56:0b:f8:46:df:9c:31:49:
9c:f1:a4:30:7a:de:14:65:d3:b7:c9:03:81:f6:ea:b8:b0:b5:
40:49:c6:99:09:68:c2:d2:79:9e:46:48:15:46:18:b3:7b:57:
ac:7f:28:b7:45:15:38:e0:80:04
$ORIGIN 5.0.a.0.0.0.e.f.f.3.0.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.example.com.
2.b.6.c.b.4.a.9.9.6.4.2.8.0.3.1. IN HHIT (
gxJpM2ZmOCAwMDBhWQEYMIIBFDCBx6AD
AgECAgFUMAUGAytlcDArMSkwJwYDVQQD
DCAyMDAxMDAzZmZlMDAwYTA1MjYwZWQ0
Mzc2YjI1NmUyODAeFw0yNTA0MDkyMTEz
MDBaFw0yNTA0MDkyMjEzMDBaMAAwKjAF
BgMrZXADIQDJLi+dl+iWD5tfFlT4sJA5
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VR0RAQH/BC0wK4cQIAEAP/4ACgUTCCRp
mkvGsoYXaHR0cHM6Ly9oZGEuZXhhbXBs
ZS5jb20wBQYDK2VwA0EA0DbcdngC7/BB
/aLjZmLieo0ZFCDbd/KIxAy+3X2KtT4J
todVxRMPAkN6o008gacbNfTG8p9npEcD
eYhesl2jBQ==
)
2.b.6.c.b.4.a.9.9.6.4.2.8.0.3.1. IN BRID (
owAAAYIEUQEgAQA//gAKBRMIJGmaS8ay
AogFWIkB+t72Zwrt9mcgAQA//gAABV5g
oVcekaC3mZDVsEtyoYBm1AkrUsfUmU+3
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7pdTvm2EqfOJQNPKClvRZm4qTO5FDAVY
iQGX4PZnp+72ZyABAD/+AAoFZhXuRdQn
CaDOaB424RQa61YNbna8eWt7fLRU5GPM
sfEt4wo4AQGAPyABAD/+AAAFXmChVx6R
oLfv3q+mLRB3ya5TmjY8+3CzdoDZT9RZ
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guBNBwWXIAEAP/4ACgVmFe5F1CcJoIjy
CriJCxAyAWTOHPmlHL02MKSpsHviiTze
qwBH9K/Rrz41CYix9HazAIOAZO8FcfU5
M+WLLJZoaQWBHnMbTQwFWIkB3OL2Z+zw
9mcgAQA//gAKBRMIJGmaS8ayyS4vnZfo
lg+bXxZU+LCQOfna3FvPBh6sTwzqeejo
d/ogAQA//gAKBSYO1DdrJW4ogOfc8jTi
mYLmTOOyFZoUx2jOOwtB1jnqUJr6bYaw
MoPrR3MlKGBGWsVz1yXNqUURoCqYdwsY
e61vd5i6YJqnAQ==
)
[
18,
"3ff8 000a",
h'308201143081C7A00302010202015430
0506032B6570302B312930270603550403
0C20323030313030336666653030306130
3532363065643433373662323536653238
301E170D3235303430393231313330305A
170D3235303430393232313330305A3000
302A300506032B6570032100C92E2F9D97
E8960F9B5F1654F8B09039F9DADC5BCF06
1EAC4F0CEA79E8E877FAA33B3039303706
03551D110101FF042D302B87102001003F
FE000A05130824699A4BC6B28617687474
70733A2F2F6864612E6578616D706C652E
636F6D300506032B6570034100D036DC76
7802EFF041FDA2E36662E27A8D191420DB
77F288C40CBEDD7D8AB53E09B68755C513
0F02437AA34D3C81A71B35F4C6F29F67A4
470379885EB25DA305'
]
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 84 (0x54)
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Issuer: CN = 2001003ffe000a05260ed4376b256e28
Validity
Not Before: Apr 9 21:13:00 2025 GMT
Not After : Apr 9 22:13:00 2025 GMT
Subject:
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: ED25519
ED25519 Public-Key:
pub:
c9:2e:2f:9d:97:e8:96:0f:9b:5f:16:54:f8:b0:90:
39:f9:da:dc:5b:cf:06:1e:ac:4f:0c:ea:79:e8:e8:
77:fa
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: critical
IP Address:2001:3F:FE00:A05:1308:2469:9A4B:C6B2,
URI:https://hda.example.com
Signature Algorithm: ED25519
Signature Value:
d0:36:dc:76:78:02:ef:f0:41:fd:a2:e3:66:62:e2:7a:8d:19:
14:20:db:77:f2:88:c4:0c:be:dd:7d:8a:b5:3e:09:b6:87:55:
c5:13:0f:02:43:7a:a3:4d:3c:81:a7:1b:35:f4:c6:f2:9f:67:
a4:47:03:79:88:5e:b2:5d:a3:05
{
0: 0,
1: [4, h'012001003FFE000A05130824699A4BC6B2'],
2: [
5,
h'01FADEF6670AEDF6672001003FFE0000
055E60A1571E91A0B79990D5B04B72A180
66D4092B52C7D4994FB7C16BD7E8C1F440
FFA8D04FF1E13F2001003FFE0000055E60
A1571E91A0B7BC2F66D4982EBD7B7B5B6A
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h'0197E0F667A7EEF6672001003FFE000A
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h'010AE1F6671AEFF6672001003FFE000A
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4D0C',
5,
h'01DCE2F667ECF0F6672001003FFE000A
05130824699A4BC6B2C92E2F9D97E8960F
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0CEA79E8E877FA2001003FFE000A05260E
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86B03283EB4773252860465AC573D725CD
A94511A02A98770B187BAD6F7798BA609A
A701'
]
}